The masses of the 12 fundamental particles that make up our universe are not random, but follow a single mathematical formula.
The mass spectrum of fermions in the Standard Model can be derived from a unified formula based on Dirichlet L-functions. Physicists have spent decades treating these masses as independent constants that had to be measured by hand. This research suggests that the building blocks of matter are governed by a precise arithmetic structure related to prime numbers. If this formula is correct, it means the most basic properties of our world are deeply rooted in pure mathematics. This discovery provides a major clue toward finding a 'Theory of Everything' that unifies all of physics. It removes the randomness from the most fundamental parts of the universe.
Arithmetic Structure of the Standard Model Mass Spectrum and the Bost-Connes System
SSRN · 6723461
The 12 fermion masses of the Standard Model span 12 orders of magnitude and have hitherto been treated as independent experimental inputs. Starting from the Bost–Connes system, this paper shows that the CRT decomposition of the character group (Z/7Z)* uniquely determines six fermion sectors and three generations, and provides a unified mass formula reducing all 12 masses to four Dirichlet L-function values at the critical line s=1/2. All nine charged fermion predictions agree with experiment to