A single mathematical framework describes how everything from subatomic protons to human neural circuits moves through time and space.
April 23, 2026
Original Paper
On the Consequences of Categorical Apertures On Biological Transport Phenomena: Derivation of Universal Governing Dynamics for Pharmaceutical Clinical Treatment Response
SSRN · 6508200
The Takeaway
Biological transport phenomena occur across 13 orders of magnitude, making it nearly impossible to compare a single cell to a whole organ. This framework uses categorical apertures to show that the same laws of physics govern drug responses and brain signals. It effectively resolves a 150 year old physics paradox known as Maxwell’s demon by explaining how life organizes energy. Doctors could use these equations to predict exactly how a patient will respond to a specific dose of medication over time.
From the abstract
Transport phenomena in biological systems span more than thirteen orders of magnitude in characteristic timescale, from femtosecond proton transfer events (τ H + ∼ 10-14 s) to second-scale neural circuit dynamics (τstate ∼ 10 0 s) and minute-to-hour pharmacological interventions (τ drug ∼ 10 3 s). We demonstrate that a single mathematical frameworkderived from three axioms (bounded phase space, the No Null State principle, and nite observational resolution)governs dynamics at all three scales th